China served as the first official bureaucracy. A bureaucracy by definition is a system of government in which some of the most important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives. The reading pointed out that education served as a privilege and not a guaranteed right. Education was a privilege of the elite and upper class. Within another part of Asia, India did not have an empire like that of China, instead India had a systematic caste system and slavery served as comparably small aspects of both civilizations. In Africa for example, slave trade was a common practice. With three distant slave routes, Africa traded with other civilizations. Forced labour was never an issue in places like India and China because they had several laborers in comparison to Africa. Within the reading, the famously praised Athenians and Spartans was criticized as deficient due to its clear limitations and prominent power given to the wealthy men. China, Japan and India did not view death the same way that the Athenians and Spartans did, they viewed it as honorable.
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